Anatomy and Physiology I Fall 2000
Lab Session 9
Skin and Bones


Name _________________________ Exit Quiz _______
File # _______

Introduction

The skin or integument is a dynamic interface between the constantly changing external enviroment and the body’s internal environment. The 206 bones of the body constitute the skeletal system. There are two distinct divisions of the skeletal system, one which is called the Appendicular Skeleton which consists of the bones of the upper and lower extremities. The second is the Axial Skeleton which includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the ribs. This lab will introduce you to the structures of the skin, as well as the structure of bone, where specific bones are located, and the types of joints that are present in the human body. The different joints also have distinct movements that will also be studied. Before coming to lab look over “Layers of the Integument” pp.160-165,“Organization of the Skeletal System “ p.183; “Skeletal System: Axial Skeleton” Chapter 9; “Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeleton” Chapter10; and “Articulations” Chapter 11.



I. The Integument
A. Learn the following structures of the skin and be able to identify them on a model or on a histology slide: (fig. 7.1)

 Epidermis (table 7.2)
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
melanocytes
Dermis
hair follicles (fig. 7.9)
root
bulb
matrix
follicle
papilla
arrector pili muscle
sebaceous glands (fig. 7.11)
sudoriferous glands (fig. 7.11)
eccrine
apocrine
Subcutaneous (hypodermis)
loose fibrous connective tissue
adipose tissue
blood vessels


B. Study a histology slide of the integument. Be able to identify the epidermis, stratum basale, stratum corneum, dermins, and hypodermis.




II. Structure of a Long Bone
Be able to identify the following structures of a long bone:
diaphysis
epiphysis
epiphyseal plate/line
medullary cavity
periosteum
endosteum
nutrient foramina
articular cartilage


III. Terms for Types of Joints and Synovial Joint Movements
A. Joint Types and Location Examples (Table 11.1)
1. Fibrous Joints (relatively immovable)
sutures - between bones of the skull
syndesmoses - side-to-side articulation of the radius and ulna
gomphoses - between teeth and supporting bones of the jaw
2. Cartilagenous Joints (slightly moveable)
symphyses - between adjacent vertebrae, symphysis pubis
synchondroses - between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones, ribs and sternum
3. Synovial Joints (freely movable)
gliding - carpals and tarsals
hinge - elbow, knee, ankle, phalanges
condyloid - metacarpals to phalanges
saddle - (thumb
pivot - axis and atlas, proximal end of radius and ulna
ball-and-socket - shoulder and hip

B. Movements at Synovial Joints (pp. 256-263)
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Supination
Pronation
Inversion
Eversion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression



IV. Learn the names and locations of the following bones of the human skeleton. You will need to be able to
identify these bones on a skeleton for lab quizzes and exams.
A. Axial Skeleton
1. Skull
cranium
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
sphenoid
ethmoid
facial
zygomatic
maxilla
mandible
palatine
nasal
lacrimal
vomer
inferior nasal conchae
2. Vertebral column -
cervical vertebrae
atlas
axis
thoracic vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
caudal vertebrae (coccyx)
3. Ribs
4. Sternum
Xiphoid process
Manubrium
 Costal cartilages

B. Appendicular Skeleton
1. Upper Extremities
clavicle
scapula
humerus
radius
ulna
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
2. Pelvis
ilium
ischium
pubis
3. Lower Extremities
femur
patella
fibula
tarsals
calcaneus
metatarsals



V. Questions Section

A. Draw a detailed cross-section of the integument at 100X or 400X magnification and clearly label for epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, stratum basale, stratum corneum. (10 pts.)






























B. Write a clear definition for the following types of joints: (10 pts.)

sutures -

synchondroses -

symphyses -

syndesmoses -

gliding -

hinge -

condyloid -

saddle -

pivot -

ball-and-socket -



C. Give an example of each of the following movements: (14 pts.)

Flexion -

Extension -

Abduction -

Adduction -

Rotation-

Circumduction -

Supination -

Pronation -

Inversion -

Eversion -

Protraction-

Retraction-

Elevation-

Depression-